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While installation time on Ubuntu operating system mostly issue come with related to hardware as well as media. When ever we download the OS we need to check
MD5 sum for trusting the media. 
 
 ex) #md5sum ubuntu-9.04-desktop-i386.iso 66fa77789c7b8ff63130e5d5a272d67b
 
Try to install present release of UbunutOs, the canonical team fix the hardware related error on in each new version like graphics, printer driver etc. Let us see the OS installation error one by one
 
1)initramfs - failed to set xfermode
This issue mostly comes with new installation, After the installation we boot to the OS fist time, after the grub screen its show like 
initramfs - failed to set xfermode
failed to set xfermode (err_mask=0×4)
 
In that mode there only be a  minimal number of commands.  Mainly this issue related to kernel 2.6.22-14-generic wit Sata controller. Ubuntu release some batch for resolve. Click here for access. Some more techniques are
 
For a quick start this can be done by pressing ESC on the grub prompt, then pressing “e”, selecting the line beginning with “kernel”, pressing “e” again and adding “irqpoll” to the end of the line. After this press enter and then “b” to boot the kernel.
To make the change permanent the /boot/grub/menu.lst has to be edited. Open it in your favorite editor using sudo (e.g. “sudo vim /boot/grub/menu.lst”) and change the following line

# defoptions=quiet splash

by adding “irqpoll”

# defoptions=quiet splash irqpoll

and then running “sudo update-grub”.
 
2) The installer encountered an error copying files to the hard disk:

[Errno 5] Input/output error

This particular error is often due to a faulty CD/DVD disk or drive, or a faulty hard disk
 
This error mainlu due to the media either hard disk, try to install ubuntu alternative CD for resolving or Try the following
 
With the boot-options I pressed F6 twice and marked the first 3 options that came in a pop-up window (noapci nolapic noapic ).
 
3) Booting the kernel
[ 27.566608] PCI: Cannot allocate resource region 2 of device 0000:05:00.0
[ 27.566641] PCI: Cannot allocate resource region 0 of device 0000:05:00.1
[ 170.994895] hda: ide_intr: huh? expected NULL handler on exit
[ 171.043358] buffer I/O error on device hda, logical block 358278
 
This error due to IDE hard disk error for resolve try to install ubuntu alternate CD or
Try adding
 
ide=nodma
 
as a boot option at the startup screen (F6 if I recall correctly). Add the comment before the "--" at the end of the line, and leave a space before the double dashes.